AI Value Chain
The sequence of actors involved in developing, providing, deploying, and using AI systems.
Definition
AI Value Chain refers to the sequence of actors, activities, and relationships involved in the development, provision, deployment, and operation of AI systems—from initial research through end-user interaction. The EU AI Act establishes distinct obligations for different value chain participants.
EU AI Act Value Chain Actors:
- Provider (Article 3(3)): Develops or has AI system developed and places it on market under own name
- Deployer (Article 3(4)): Uses AI system under their authority (except personal use)
- Importer (Article 3(6)): Places non-EU provider's system on EU market
- Distributor (Article 3(7)): Makes AI system available in supply chain
- Authorized Representative (Article 3(5)): EU-based mandate holder for non-EU providers
GPAI Model Chain:
- Upstream: Foundation model developers
- Midstream: Fine-tuners and integrators
- Downstream: Application developers and deployers
Obligation Distribution:
- Each actor has specific obligations proportionate to their role
- Information must flow through the chain (e.g., instructions for use)
- Downstream actors can rely on upstream compliance representations
- Modifications may shift actor classification
Related concepts: Provider, Deployer, Upstream Provider, Downstream Deployer
Sources
- •EU AI Act Article 25
- •Supply Chain Standards
Related Terms
Provider
An entity (natural or legal person, public authority or body) that develops or commissions an AI system or general-purpose AI model and places it on the market or puts it into service under its name or trademark....
Deployer
A deployer is a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that uses an AI system under its authority for professional/organisational purposes (excludes personal use)....
Importer
An entity in the EU that places on the Union market an AI system bearing the name or trademark of a person established outside the EU....