Frontier Model

A foundation model trained using more than 10^26 computing operations, counting the original training run plus any fine‑tuning or modifications; this threshold identifies the largest, most resource‑intensive AI systems subject to the law.

Refers to sophisticated artificial intelligence systems that possess or could acquire capabilities that, due to their power or complexity, pose significant risks to public safety or well-being. These models are the primary focus of the Act's regulatory framework.

A highly capable artificial intelligence model that, due to its advanced capabilities, could potentially pose severe or catastrophic risks to public safety, national security, or critical infrastructure. These models are typically at the leading edge of AI development.

Refers to the most advanced and powerful AI systems, characterized by their significant capabilities and potential for systemic impact, often requiring substantial computational resources for training and deployment.

A frontier model refers to the most advanced and general-purpose AI systems, such as those developed by leading AI firms. The California Department of Technology annually reviews the specific quantitative thresholds for these models to ensure the definition remains current with technological advancements.