Court of Justice of the European Union — Belgium PNR passenger profiling (Ligue des droits humains)

In Ligue des droits humains v Conseil des ministres (Case C-817/19), the Court of Justice of the EU restricted the automated processing and pre-screening of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data against databases and pre-determined criteria. It held that any positive match must be individually re-examined by non-automated means, and that the pre-determined criteria must not use self-learning (machine-learning) systems capable of modifying the assessment criteria without human review.

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