Technical

Digital identity

National digital identity (SPID/CIE) and e‑wallet for secure authentication.

How the laws define this

National frameworks consistently establish digital identity as an electronic identification and authentication mechanism that enables secure user access to public services. They diverge, however, on the structural delivery model and technical scope of these systems. Italia Digitale 2026 and the Strategy for the Digitization of Poland to 2035 explicitly incorporate wallet or portfolio functionality, while Decree-Law No. 1412 frames identity as a set of individualizing attributes, and the Digital Nation Pakistan Act, 2025 establishes a framework linked to digital public infrastructure components and technical standards set by the Pakistan Digital Authority. Furthermore, the Strategy for the Digitization of Poland to 2035 and the Strategy for Digital Public Services 2030 mandate eIDAS alignment and integrate electronic signatures, with the Strategy for Digital Public Services 2030 explicitly supporting cross-border trust services. Conversely, Decree-Law No. 1412, Italia Digitale 2026, and the Digital Nation Pakistan Act, 2025 center their defined scope on domestic public service access.

Synthesised from the 5 statutory definitions below. Each one is quoted in full, with its source.

How jurisdictions differ

What is distinctive in each definition, binding law in force first.

Jurisdiction	Instrument	Status	What is distinctive
Peru	Decree-Law No. 1412 — Law Approving the Digital Government	In Force (Amended)	Defines it as a set of attributes managed through national identity frameworks like ID Gob.pe for authentication in public digital services.
Pakistan	Digital Nation Pakistan Act, 2025	In Force	Frames it as a legally recognised electronic identity framework enabling authenticated interactions across DPI components under Pakistan Digital Authority standards.
Italy	Italy Digital 2026	Adopted	Specifies nationally supported mechanisms SPID, CIE and forthcoming e-wallet as core enablers of digital service access and interoperability.
Slovenia	Strategy for Digital Public Services 2030	Adopted	Limits it to an eIDAS-aligned mechanism supporting qualified electronic signatures and cross-border trust services for public interactions.
Poland	Strategy for the Digitization of Poland to 2035	Draft	Presents it as a user-held eIDAS-compliant wallet for trusted identification, authentication, signatures and primary access to e-services.

What it triggers

In Peru, under Decree-Law No. 1412, these attributes are used for authentication and identification in interactions with public digital services.source
Under the Digital Nation Pakistan Act, 2025, it enables authenticated interactions across DPI components subject to interoperability standards set by the Pakistan Digital Authority.source
Italy Digital 2026 sets adoption of these identity tools as a core enabler of digital service access and interoperability across administrations.source

Definitions (5)

The set of nationally supported digital authentication mechanisms (SPID and CIE) and the forthcoming e‑wallet functionality enabling secure user authentication and attribute management for access to public services. The strategy treats adoption of these identity tools as a core enabler of digital service access and interoperability across administrations.

Italia Digitale 2026 (National Digital Strategy / Italy Digital 2026)Definition 1 of 5

The set of attributes that individualize and enable identification of a person in digital environments; these attributes are used for authentication and identification in interactions with public digital services and are managed through national identity frameworks and platforms (e.g., ID Gob.pe).

Decree-Law No. 1412 — Law Approving the Digital Government (Ley de Gobierno Digital)Definition 2 of 5

A user-held portfolio or wallet that enables trusted electronic identification, authentication and electronic signatures for interactions with public services. It is designed to be eIDAS‑compliant and serve as the primary means to prove identity and access e‑services across registers and platforms.

Strategy for the Digitization of Poland to 2035 (Strategia Cyfryzacji Polski do 2035)Definition 3 of 5

An electronic identification mechanism, aligned with eIDAS, that enables secure user authentication and qualified electronic signatures for legally meaningful online interactions with public services, and supports cross‑border trust services.

Strategy for Digital Public Services 2030 (Strategija digitalnih javnih storitev 2030)Definition 4 of 5

A legally recognised electronic identity and verification framework defined by the Act to simplify citizen access to services, enabling authenticated interactions across DPI components and subject to interoperability and technical standards set by the Pakistan Digital Authority.

Digital Nation Pakistan Act, 2025Definition 5 of 5

Not to be confused with

Digital credential

Digital credential refers to representations of identity attributes for authentication, while digital identity encompasses the full set of attributes or mechanisms enabling identification.

electronic identification and trust services

Electronic identification and trust services include eID plus eSignature and eTimestamp, whereas digital identity focuses on the identification and authentication mechanisms themselves.

Questions and answers

What platforms manage digital identity in Peru?

In Peru, digital identity attributes are managed through national identity frameworks and platforms such as ID Gob.pe.

What are the specific tools for digital identity in Italy?

Italy uses SPID and CIE as nationally supported digital authentication mechanisms, with a forthcoming e-wallet for secure user authentication and attribute management.

Does digital identity support electronic signatures?

In Slovenia, it enables qualified electronic signatures for legally meaningful online interactions. In Poland, the wallet supports electronic signatures for public services.