Technical

Explainability

The ability to understand and articulate how an AI system reaches its decisions.

How the laws define this

Regulatory frameworks agree that explainability requires artificial intelligence systems to make their internal logic, decision-making processes, and outputs understandable to humans, fostering transparency, trust, and accountability. However, these definitions diverge on the required audience, depth, and form of explanation. Standards such as IEEE 7001-2021, ISO/IEC TS 6254:2025, and the Model AI Governance Framework (Second Edition) mandate that explanations be tailored to distinct stakeholder groups—ranging from developers and operators to regulators and end-users—proportionate to system risk and technical literacy. In contrast, public-sector instruments such as the Amsterdam Algorithm Register and the Proposal for Parliamentary Resolution to Ensure Transparency in Authorities' Use of Algorithms (B 136) strictly focus on plain-language explanations aimed at affected individuals and non-experts to enable meaningful contestation of automated decisions. Furthermore, guidance like the Information Commissioner's Office - Strategic approach to AI explicitly splits explainability into general process explanations and individual outcome explanations.

Synthesised from the 20 statutory definitions below. Each one is quoted in full, with its source.

How jurisdictions differ

What is distinctive in each definition, binding law in force first. Showing 9 of the 20 instruments that define this term; all are listed under Definitions below.

JurisdictionInstrumentStatusWhat is distinctive
BrazilOrdinance MCTI No. 4,979, of July 13, 2021In ForceLinks explainability to strategic ethical and accountability objectives, emphasizing oversight and user understanding in algorithmic systems.
Asturias, SpainDecree 98/2025, of July 22, regulating the use of Artificial Intelligence in the Administration of the Principality of Asturias and its public sectorIn ForceMandates traceability, transparency, and justifiability of AI decisions to human operators and citizens for trust and accountability.
ISOISO/IEC 22989:2022 - Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Concepts and terminologyIn ForceFrames explainability as a trustworthiness attribute enabling scrutiny, error/bias identification, and informed human oversight.
PhilippinesNPC Advisory No. 2024-04: Guidelines on the Application of the Data Privacy Act to AI Systems Processing Personal DataIn ForceFocuses on explaining AI logic, processing significance, and consequences to enable data subject contestability of decisions.
NetherlandsGuidelines for the Application of Algorithms and Data Analysis by Governmental OrganizationsIn ForceRecommends accessible information on algorithmic purpose, effect, and reasoning for affected individuals to enable contestation.
Dubai, United Arab EmiratesEthical AI Toolkit / AI Principles and Guidelines for the Emirate of Dubai (Smart Dubai)In ForceSpecifies traceable, intelligible summaries of inputs, model logic, and data provenance, proportional to system impact.
IEEEIEEE 7001-2021 — Standard for Transparency of Autonomous SystemsIn ForceTailors explanations of autonomous system decisions to the technical literacy needs of diverse stakeholder groups.
Amsterdam, NetherlandsAmsterdam Algorithm RegisterIn ForceLimits to plain language descriptions of algorithm logic and functioning for non-expert comprehension.
SerbiaStrategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Republic of Serbia for the period 2025-2030In ForceOnly implicitly addresses explainability through ethical development objectives without providing an explicit definition.

What it triggers

  • In Asturias, AI systems are subject to risk assessments, human oversight, and testing alongside requirements for traceable, transparent decision-making.source
  • NPC Advisory No. 2024-04 recommends explainability measures to inform affected individuals and enable contestability of automated decisions.source
  • The Ethical AI Toolkit recommends AI systems produce traceable explanations of inputs, logic, and data provenance proportional to impact.source

Definitions (20)

The ability to provide an intelligible account of how algorithmic outputs relate to decisions in a specific case, enabling individuals to understand the basis and determinative factors behind a decision.

The capacity of algorithmic systems to provide interpretable, comprehensible information about how decisions or outputs are produced, enabling transparency, oversight and user understanding as emphasized by the strategy's ethical and accountability objectives.

A compliance requirement that AI systems be capable of providing understandable explanations of their decision‑making processes to affected individuals and regulators, enabling transparency, accountability, and meaningful review of automated decisions.

A trustworthiness attribute describing the extent to which an AI system's internal mechanics, decisions, or outputs can be made understandable to relevant stakeholders through interpretable models, explanations, or representations. Explainability enables scrutiny, helps identify sources of error or bias, and supports accountability and informed human oversight.

The extent to which an AI system’s outputs and the factors influencing them can be understood and inspected by human experts, enabling practitioners to assess reliability, justify decisions to clients, and meet professional and regulatory transparency obligations.

The capacity to explain an AI system's logic, the significance of its processing, and the anticipated consequences for data subjects; the advisory requires explainability measures sufficient to inform affected individuals and enable contestability of automated decisions.

The capability of an AI system to provide understandable, relevant reasons for its outputs to affected stakeholders, supporting transparency, meaningful challenge, and accountability; encompasses both user-facing explanations and internal interpretability/documentation proportional to impact.

The extent to which an organisation can provide understandable reasons for AI-driven outputs, including the appropriate level and form of explanation tailored to different stakeholders; explanations should be proportionate to assessed risk and enable users to understand, contest or seek redress for decisions.

Information and mechanisms designed to make AI-driven decisions and processes understandable to affected individuals and stakeholders, encompassing both how a system makes decisions (process explanations) and why particular outcomes were reached (outcome explanations), to support transparency, contestability and data subject rights.

The capacity of an AI system to provide meaningful, interpretable information about its internal logic, decision-making processes and outputs, sufficient to allow users and regulators to understand capabilities, limitations and the provenance of data used in outputs; the bill requires disclosures and explainability measures appropriate to risk level.

A requirement focused on providing affected individuals and administrative users with accessible, understandable information about the existence, purpose and effect of algorithmic analyses and the reasoning behind decisions to enable contestation and meaningful understanding.

The capability of an AI system to produce traceable, intelligible summaries or explanations of how inputs, model logic and data provenance contributed to a specific output, presented at a level appropriate to stakeholders and proportional to system impact.

Known as 'explicabilidad,' this principle mandates that AI systems' decision-making processes must be traceable, transparent, and their outcomes justifiable to human operators and citizens. This is vital for building trust, ensuring accountability, and allowing for effective review and challenge of AI-driven decisions.

The ability to describe the logic and functioning of an algorithm in plain language that is understandable to non-experts, ensuring meaningful transparency.

Amsterdam Algorithm RegisterDefinition 14 of 20

A foundational requirement for medical AI where the system must provide a human-understandable rationale for its outputs, essential for clinicians to justify treatment decisions.

The technical and procedural capacity to trace and understand the logic behind an AI system's output or decision-making process.

The degree to which a human can understand the cause of a decision or output of an AI system. It refers to the ability to provide clear reasoning for AI decisions, especially crucial for 'black box' models.

Explainability refers to the characteristic of an artificial intelligence system that allows a specified human audience to understand the rationale behind the system's actions, decisions, and outputs. This involves not just presenting results but also making the underlying processes and contributing factors transparent and comprehensible, fostering trust and accountability.

Within the context of IEEE 7001-2021, explainability refers to the ability of an autonomous system to provide explanations of its decisions and operations, tailored to the needs and technical literacy of different stakeholder groups, such as developers, operators, and end-users.

Implicitly addressed through the strategy's objectives related to ethical development and responsible deployment, suggesting that future regulations will require AI systems to offer understandable explanations for their actions, particularly when impacting individuals.

Not to be confused with

Algorithmic Transparency

Algorithmic transparency focuses on disclosure of decision-making processes, while explainability emphasizes understanding and articulating the reasoning behind them.

Human Oversight

Human oversight involves mechanisms for control and intervention, whereas explainability provides understandable rationales for AI decisions to support oversight.

Questions and answers

What does explainability require in medical AI systems?

In medical AI, explainability involves providing a human-understandable rationale for outputs to enable clinicians to justify treatment decisions.

How does explainability support data privacy?

Explainability in AI processing personal data involves explaining system logic, processing significance, and consequences to enable data subjects to contest decisions.

What is distinctive about ISO standards on explainability?

ISO/IEC 22989 frames explainability as a trustworthiness attribute for scrutiny and bias detection, while ISO/IEC TS 6254 guides achieving it across the AI lifecycle for specified audiences.