Governance

Stakeholders

Internal and external participants consulted by the Committee.

How the laws define this

Regulatory frameworks consistently agree that stakeholders encompass both active participants in system creation, deployment, and oversight, such as developers, operators, and public agencies, and those who are directly or indirectly affected by system outcomes. The primary divergence lies in how broadly instruments bound this definition based on their operational scope. Comprehensive frameworks like the OECD Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence (AI Principles), ISO/IEC TS 6254:2025, IEEE 7001-2021, and the Principles and Controls of AI Ethics (SDAIA AI Ethics Principles) adopt an all-inclusive approach that covers all actors, including wider society and impacted individuals, across the entire AI lifecycle. Conversely, specialized instruments restrict stakeholders to specific entities engaged in defined programs. For example, Resolución 16/2024 limits stakeholders to invited public and private actors collaborating on customs processes, the Law on the Development of Artificial Intelligence (Mākslīgā intelekta attīstības likums) targets participants in Centre governance and pilot activities, and the Automated Vehicles Comprehensive Plan focuses on parties developing, deploying, and regulating automated vehicles.

Synthesised from the 9 statutory definitions below. Each one is quoted in full, with its source.

How jurisdictions differ

What is distinctive in each definition, binding law in force first. Showing 8 of the 9 instruments that define this term; all are listed under Definitions below.

JurisdictionInstrumentStatusWhat is distinctive
ArgentinaResolution 16/2024 – Creation of the Innovation Committee on Artificial Intelligence (General Directorate of Customs)In ForceLimits stakeholders to internal DGA/AFIP areas and specific external actors invited by the Committee for expertise on AI proposals and pilots in customs processes.
LatviaLaw on the Development of Artificial IntelligenceIn ForceSpecifies public authorities, higher-education/research institutions, private sector, and other actors identified by the Act as participants in Centre-convened working groups, pilots, and governance.
NetherlandsImpact Assessment for Human Rights and Algorithms (IAMA)In ForceLists specific relevant parties like affected individuals, domain experts, legal advisers, data stewards, developers, oversight bodies, and communication leads for multidisciplinary IAMA assessment sessions.
OECDRecommendation of the Council on Artificial IntelligenceIn Force (Amended)Broadly encompasses all organizations and individuals involved in, affected by, or participating in governance/oversight of AI systems, directly or indirectly.
IEEEIEEE 7001-2021 — Standard for Transparency of Autonomous SystemsIn ForceCategorizes into direct users, expert stakeholders (developers, operators), certification bodies, and incident investigators, each needing tailored transparency information.
ISOISO/IEC TS 6254:2025 — Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Objectives and approaches for explainability and interpretability of machine learning (ML) models and artificial intelligence (AI) systemsIn ForceEnumerates comprehensive parties across AI lifecycle including users, developers, providers, integrators, data providers, evaluators, auditors, subjects, and regulators who influence or are influenced.
Saudi ArabiaPrinciples and Controls of AI Ethics (SDAIA AI Ethics Principles)In ForceFocuses on designers, developers, deployers, users, and affected parties across AI lifecycle, explicitly linking to duties in governance, oversight, assessments, and remediation.
United StatesAutomated Vehicles Comprehensive PlanSupersededTargets parties in automated vehicles context: government agencies, industry manufacturers/developers, academic researchers, and general public for collaborative decision-making.

What it triggers

  • In Argentina's DGA, stakeholders are invited to participate or be consulted by the Innovation Committee on AI to provide expertise, feedback, and collaboration on proposals and pilots.source
  • In Latvia, stakeholders identified by the Act may engage with and benefit from support measures in Centre activities including working groups, pilot projects, and governance.source
  • Under IAMA in the Netherlands, stakeholders should participate in deliberation, assessment, and mitigation of rights impacts during assessment sessions.source

Definitions (9)

Internal DGA/AFIP areas and external actors (private-sector representatives, chambers, universities, other public agencies) invited to participate or be consulted by the Committee to provide expertise, feedback and collaboration on AI proposals and pilots affecting customs processes.

Relevant parties including affected individuals, domain experts, legal advisers, data stewards, developers, oversight bodies and communication leads who should participate in deliberation, assessment and mitigation of rights impacts. The IAMA stresses multidisciplinary stakeholder involvement in assessment sessions.

Public authorities, higher‑education and research institutions, private sector entities and other relevant actors identified by the Act as participants in working groups, pilot projects and governance activities convened or supported by the Centre. The definition specifies who may engage with Centre activities and benefit from support measures.

All organizations and individuals involved in or affected by AI systems, directly or indirectly, including users, those impacted by AI outcomes, and entities participating in governance or oversight processes.

Stakeholders refer to all parties involved in the development, deployment, and regulation of automated vehicles, including federal, state, and local government agencies, industry manufacturers and developers, academic researchers, and the general public. Their engagement is crucial for informed decision-making.

Stakeholders are broadly categorized to include direct users, expert stakeholders (like developers and operators), certification bodies, and incident investigators. Each group requires varying depths and types of transparency information to understand the autonomous system's behavior and decisions.

Stakeholders in the context of AI systems are any parties that can influence, be influenced by, or perceive themselves to be influenced by decisions or activities related to artificial intelligence. This broad category includes users, developers, product providers, system integrators, data providers, evaluators, auditors, subjects of AI decisions, and relevant regulatory authorities.

Individuals or groups who are affected by or have an interest in autonomous systems. This includes direct users, expert stakeholders (e.g., certification bodies, regulators, investigators), and wider society, each requiring different levels and types of transparency.

Designers, developers, deployers, users, and those affected by an AI system; the term captures all actors with roles, responsibilities, or interests across the AI lifecycle. It is used to allocate governance duties and participation in oversight, impact assessments, and remediation processes.

Not to be confused with

Working groups

Working groups are multidisciplinary teams prototyping AI solutions, while stakeholders are broader participants consulted by committees or centres.

Comité de Innovación sobre Inteligencia Artificial (IAI)

The Comité de Innovación sobre IA is a specific internal DGA committee coordinating AI, whereas stakeholders are the internal and external actors it consults.

Actors / Stakeholders

Actors/stakeholders refer generally to public bodies, private firms, academia, and civil society, similar to but less specifically detailed than these definitions.

Questions and answers

Who counts as a stakeholder in Argentina's customs AI committee?

Internal DGA/AFIP areas and external actors like private-sector representatives, chambers, universities, and other public agencies invited by the Committee. They provide expertise on AI proposals and pilots affecting customs.

What transparency is required for different stakeholders under IEEE 7001?

Under IEEE 7001, direct users, expert stakeholders like developers and operators, certification bodies, and incident investigators are provided varying depths and types of transparency information about autonomous system behavior.

How does the OECD define stakeholders affected by AI?

All organizations and individuals involved in or affected by AI systems, including users, those impacted by outcomes, and governance participants.